North mainly Germanic and Dutch speaking culture, while South tied to France. Renaissance Quarterly 43 (1990): 570–590. 8. For the nobility, this was one more affront to their authority. By the end of April, Flushing was also in Beggar hands. The Dutch Revolt. Cambridge, U.K., 1992. Finally, on 30 January 1648, the Peace of Münster (later incorporated into the Peace of Westphalia of October 1648) ended the war between Spain and the United Provinces, making permanent the division of the Low Countries and guaranteeing the independence of the Dutch Republic. It was in the pursuit of this war that the Spanish empire in Europe eventually foundered.…. But his victory touch was gone, and the republic appeared to be in danger when the great fortress of Breda, on the southern frontier, fell to the Spaniards in 1625. When mutinous troops sacked the royalist town of Aalst, even Catholics loyal to Philip looked for some kind of common defensive arrangement. The Pragmatic Sanction outlined the way the succession would be regulated and provided that the seventeen provinces must always have the same ruler. 2nd ed. (2001) Describe and analyze how overseas expansion by European states affected global trade and He ordered Requesens to open negotiations with the rebels. In the end, Leicester had no choice but to return to England with his army. Israel, Jonathan. Dylan Graves, McAvoy, Period 8. ." WILLIAM OF ORANGE (1533–1584), Dutch statesman, leader of the Dutch Revolt, and founding…, Armada, Spanish The Twelve Years' Truce worked more to the advantage of the Dutch than to that of the Spanish. These territories each retained their customary laws and traditions, their so-called ancient liberties. The southern provinces of Hainault and Artois created the Union of Arras (later joined by Walloon Flanders), which reconciled itself to the rule of Philip II on 6 April 1579. While not all of Holland and Zeeland could accept William's position (Amsterdam remained loyal to Philip), the two provinces united in the summer of 1575 with William of Orange as their leader. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps, Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The naval battle was a crushing de…, Dutch Participation in the American Revolution, Dutchess Community College: Narrative Description, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/dutch-revolt-1568-1648, Isabel Clara Eugenia and Albert of Habsburg (Isabel Clara Eugenia, 1566–1633; Albert of Habsburg, 1559–1621). The search for foreign help in the face of what was amounting to a Spanish reconquest brought the States-General's gaze, once again, to focus on England. The Spanish troop mutinies of 1576, more than anything else, brought the various provinces of the Low Countries together in common cause. By November 1566 he had decided to send an army to the Netherlands. Elizabeth I appointed Robert Dudley, the earl of Leicester (1532/33–1588), as governor-general, but she could not eliminate the disunity that plagued the Netherlands, and Leicester's attempts to impose his own ideas of centralized government were doomed to failure. An agreement, formalized in the Treaty of Nonsuch on 20 August 1585, was forged between the English and the States-General, allowing Elizabeth I to appoint a governor-general for the Netherlands and to send a large army to halt the Spanish advance. Fighting resumed in 1621 and formed a part of the general Thirty Years’ War. The States-General installed Don Juan as governor-general on 1 May 1577, over William's objections. London, 2001. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. France was one obvious source of aid; the other was England. Now the Spanish were left without a leader in the Netherlands. The eventual outcome of the revolt was decided for the most part by 1609, when the combatants agreed to the Twelve Years' Truce, but the war between the United Provinces of the Netherlands (Dutch Republic) and the Kingdom of Spain did not officially come to an end until both parties agreed to the Peace of Münster, which was part of the Peace of Westphalia, in 1648. "Dutch Revolt (1568–1648) 't Hart, Marjolein C. The Making of a Bourgeois State: War, Politics and Finance during the Dutch Revolt. The fate of the Spanish Armada is well-known, but this naval defeat did not hamper Spanish abilities on land. His charge was to find a temporary settlement with the rebels. The iconoclast movement itself, which had raged across the country like a storm, had already shown a deep-rooted resistance that had many causes and was brought to a head by Alba’s measures.…, The war resumed in 1621 under Maurice’s leadership. Philip was on the brink of bankruptcy. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Updates? 16 Oct. 2020 . The first phase of the war began with two unsuccessful invasions of the provinces by mercenary armies under Prince William I of Orange (1568 and 1572) and foreign-based raids by the Geuzen, the irregular Dutch land and sea forces. William thought he had support from both places. The Revolt of the Spanish Netherlands led to the collapse of Spain as a major European power. The participants in the Ghent meeting agreed to set aside their own religious differences by suspending the heresy laws and uniting to expel the Spanish. The Spanish successfully captured rebel cities such as Haarlem and Brill in 1573. Albert had little success in consolidating Spanish power in the Netherlands, however, because of Spanish bankruptcy, troop mutinies, and desertions. Rowan, Herbert H. "The Dutch Revolt: What Kind of Revolution?" Although she issued a decree of "moderation," the damage had been done; Calvinists had already begun flouting the laws, and preaching in the Netherlands had reached a fever pitch by late spring 1566. © 2019 Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. to English "piracy" against Spanish commerce with the New World, Philip dispatched an armada of over 100 ships to invade England in 1588. Philip appointed his half-brother, Don Juan of Austria (1547–1578), to replace Requesens as governor-general of the Netherlands. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/dutch-revolt-1568-1648, "Dutch Revolt (1568–1648) Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. experiencing a grand accumulation of uprisings. Griffiths, Gordon. The fortunes of the Spanish Netherlands were flagging by the end of the truce. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). London, 1989. (October 16, 2020). Negotiations were drawn out for several years, with the two combatants only slowly making concessions. Eventually, Philip II appointed his nephew (and eventual son-in-law) Archduke Albert of Austria as governor-general in 1596. The division between the largely royalist Catholic provinces of the south and the independent-minded Calvinist provinces of the north tore the States-General apart. Eighty Years’ War, (1568–1648), the war of Netherlands independence from Spain, which led to the separation of the northern and southern Netherlands and to the formation of the United Provinces of the Netherlands (the Dutch Republic). Europe, 1450 to 1789: Encyclopedia of the Early Modern World. Manchester, U.K., 1993. No real political bond holding together except for Philip II. Indeed the States-General was happy to recognize him as governor, provided he agreed to the provisions of the Pacification of Ghent. This split the nobility, many of whom sided with the government. The great nobles considered resisting the government's religious policies, but it was the lower nobility that took action. AP European History Timeline. Who should replace him became the problem that the States-General would need to solve. Therefore, it’s best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. revolt of the 17 provinces of the low countries (Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg) against the Spanish (Habsburg) empire. The tensions that led to open revolt, however, had much earlier origins. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Philip II appointed the arrogant duke of Alba to restore order in the Dutch territory along with 10,000 troops. ships out to get aid from exiled Calvinist communities in England, but it was too late and Louis's "Sea Beggars" (Watergeuzen) eventually turned to privateering. 2. Why did England's Queen Elizabeth support the Dutch in their revolt … Continuing their move toward independence, the provinces of the Union of Utrecht deposed Philip II as sovereign of the Netherlands in the Act of Abjuration (26 July 1581). The iconoclasm continued, and Margaret had no choice but to raise an army to bring order to the provinces. The revolts of the protestant Dutch against the Catholic Spain ending in Dutch separation from Spain. Margaret's troops had been successfully besieging Calvinist strongholds and on 13 March 1567 defeated the rebel troops at the Battle of Oosterweel. Gelderen, Martin van. The provinces of the Union of Arras, together with the provinces already under Spanish control (Namur, Limburg, and Luxembourg), formed the basis for continued Spanish rule. He was never particularly popular and never received the dignities he expected, so he returned to France in the summer of 1583. In the 15th century, the Netherlands had been Spain's most profitable land. But the Beggars had been raising troops in opposition to the government, so Margaret had to take action. Nevertheless, Spanish attention to the English problem and Spanish involvement in French wars gave the Dutch some breathing space.

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