Adult males, or bulls, weigh from 350 to 400 pounds while adult females, or cows, weigh 175 to 225 pounds. [72] Newborns weigh on average 6 kg (13 lb). Males live four years less than the females, whose maximum longevity is about 17 years. They start to work with their antlers just as soon as the velvet starts to fall off. [125] There are many factors contributing to the decline in numbers. The latter is probably a misunderstanding of the seasonal change in reindeer fur colour. When the Togiak National Wildlife Refuge was created in 1980, very few caribou were present. [45][46][47], The "glacial-interglacial cycles of the upper Pleistocene had a major influence on the evolution" of Rangifer tarandus and other Arctic and sub-Arctic species. They subsisted on caribou year-round, eating dried caribou meat in the winter. [97] The population numbers of some of these predators is influenced by the migration of reindeer. [citation needed] Tormenting insects keep caribou on the move searching for windy areas like hilltops and mountain ridges, rock reefs, lakeshore and forest openings, or snow patches that offer respite from the buzzing horde. There is strong regional variation in Rangifer herd size. "[64] As females select the habitat for the birth of their calves, they are more wary than males. [14] Geist describes them as frontally emphasised, flat-beamed antlers. The sale of fur and meat is an important source of income. The migrations of Porcupine caribou herds are among the longest of any mammal. Rangifer tarandus is "endangered in Canada in regions such as south-east British Columbia at the Canadian-USA border, along the Columbia, Kootenay and Kootenai rivers and around Kootenay Lake. A caribou statue was erected at the centre of the Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial, marking the spot in France where hundreds of soldiers from Newfoundland were killed and wounded in World War I and there is a replica in Bowring Park in St. John's, Newfoundland's capital city. Once upon a time there were no caribou on the earth. He affirms that the "true woodland caribou is very rare, in very great difficulties and requires the most urgent of attention. The young males engage in fights with their antlers towards autumn…soon after the velvet had fallen off they will be red, as they start to get bleached their colour changes… When the velvet starts to fall off the antler is red because the antler is made from blood. [9], The table above includes R. tarandus caboti (Labrador caribou), R. tarandus osborni (Osborn's caribou – from British Columbia) and R. tarandus terraenovae (Newfoundland caribou). [87], The environmental variations play a large part in reindeer nutrition, as winter nutrition is crucial to adult and neonatal survival rates. [citation needed], The use of reindeer for transportation is common among the nomadic peoples of northern Russia (but not anymore in Scandinavia). Incoming cold air is warmed by body heat before entering the lungs and water is condensed from the expired air and captured before the reindeer's breath is exhaled, then used to moisten dry incoming air and possibly be absorbed into the blood through the mucous membranes. [92] Dominant males, those with larger body size and antler racks, inseminate more than one doe a season. In North America, it was found in Canada, Alaska, and the northern conterminous USA from Washington to Maine. According to the Igloolik Oral History Project (IOHP), "Caribou antlers provided the Inuit with a myriad of implements, from snow knives and shovels to drying racks and seal-hunting tools. Two municipalities in Finland have reindeer motifs in their coats-of-arms: Kuusamo[157] has a running reindeer and Inari[158] has a fish with reindeer antlers. They are flattened, compact and relatively dense. CVM’s OMUMS works hard to make sure safe and effective drugs are available for minor species, like reindeer and caribou. [70][Notes 4] Fur is the primary insulation factor that allows reindeer to regulate their core body temperature in relation to their environment, the thermogradient, even if the temperature rises to 100 °F (38 °C). the caribou adapts to the desert by having antleers to help it fight off enimies that want to eat it and did you know that caribou are also called raindeer Do caribou live in the ice caps? In describing woodland caribou, SARA wrote, "During the rut, males engage in frequent and furious sparring battles with their antlers. [155] His father, Joe Highway, was a caribou hunter. The calf is weaned after about two months and joins the herd in the fall migration. As the antlers grow, they are covered in thick velvet, filled with blood vessels and spongy in texture. The reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), also known as the caribou in North America,[3] is a species of deer with circumpolar distribution, native to Arctic, sub-Arctic, tundra, boreal, and mountainous regions of northern Europe, Siberia, and North America. There is strong regional variation in Rangifer herd size, By 2013 many caribou herds in North America had "unusually low numbers" and their winter ranges in particular were smaller than they used to be. (Environment Canada, 2011b). Reindeer herding is of central importance for the local economies of small communities in sparsely populated rural Sápmi. Some populations of North American caribou, for example many herds in the barren-ground caribou subspecies and some woodland caribou in Ungava and Labrador, migrate the farthest of any terrestrial mammal, travelling up to 5,000 km (3,000 mi) a year, and covering 1,000,000 km2 (400,000 sq mi). Salmonier Nature Park presently has two caribou on display. Reindeer in northern Fennoscandia (northern Norway, Sweden and Finland) as well in the Kola Peninsula and Yakutia in Russia, are all[dubious – discuss] semi-wild domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus f. domesticus), ear-marked by their owners. This process is called antlerogenesis. [7], Rangifer varies in size and colour from the smallest, the Svalbard reindeer, to the largest, the boreal woodland caribou. They mainly eat lichens in winter, especially reindeer lichen – a unique adaptation among mammals – they are the only large mammal able to metabolise lichen owing to specialised bacteria and protozoa in their gut. [59] The velvet that covers growing antlers is a highly vascularised skin. During fall and winter, they consume lichens (reindeer moss), dried sedges and small shrubs. However, Geist and others considered it valid. The caribou’s body is dark brown, with lighter patches around the neck and rump, and white above each hoof. [148][149], Around the world, public interest in reindeer peaks in the Christmas period. Tomson Highway, CM[155] is a Canadian and Cree playwright, novelist, and children's author, who was born in a remote area north of Brochet, Manitoba.

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