Why a social norm such as gift-giving or the related Good Samaritan principle emerged was due to the nature of the aboriginal environment. The structure of the English company allowed for more control from the London head office, but required systems that could monitor the managers of the trading posts (Carlos and Nicholas, 1990). "So named because the curve of the metal blade looks like a hawk's beak. It was the end of an era. Meanwhile, back in Europe, hat manufacturers were cheaply producing thousands of silk hats. He spoke fluent French and Osage, though not English. The wintering clerks at those fur posts kept detailed records of what trade goods sold the best; the owners read their comments very carefully to help them plan their purchase orders. At Fort Albany the number of beaver skins over the period 1700 to 1720 averaged roughly 19,000, with wide year-to-year fluctuations; the range was about 15,000 to 30,000. The hats and the pelts tended to go to different parts of Europe. Any more Standard of Trade lists out there, or money values for beaver (or other) pelts? Americans Indians faced thousands of settlers carrying new diseases and a desire for land. “Changes in English and Anglo-American Consumption from 1550-1800.” In Consumption and the World of Goods, edited by John Brewer and Roy Porter, 177-205. From the Chesapeake English to Canadian French, countries and companies dispatched explorers to discover America's riches and stake a claim. Hunters had to dig around beaver lodges, laying a net to thwart escape, or crash through the top of the lodge, spearing the beaver. However, Pierre Laclede's grandsons - Chouteau's nephews - continued their family's tradition. Over the next decades treaties were signed with many of the northern tribes forever changing the old fur trade order in Canada. Open access creates a situation where there is less incentive to conserve, because animals not harvested by a particular hunter will be available to other hunters in the future. In fact, Indians helped provision the posts with fish and fowl. The increase in price also reflects the bargaining ability of Native traders during periods of direct competition between the English and French and later the Hudson’s Bay Company and the Northwest Company. HBC's pricing policies meant that the Company was getting widely differing numbers of Made Beaver for different trade items. Working in isolation, they hunted in the cold, trying to avoid nasty run-ins with Indians. Coat beaver (castor gras) pelts had been processed and worn for a season by hunters — usually Aboriginal peoples — before being traded.

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